Carnall, A. C. et al. A massive quiescent galaxy at redshift 4.658. Nature 619, 716–719 (2023).
Glazebrook, K. et al. A massive galaxy that formed its stars at z ≈ 11. Nature 628, 277–281 (2024).
de Graaff, A. et al. Efficient formation of a massive quiescent galaxy at redshift 4.9. Nat. Astron. 9, 280–292 (2025).
Dubois, Y. et al. Blowing cold flows away: the impact of early AGN activity on the formation of a brightest cluster galaxy progenitor. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 428, 2885–2900 (2013).
Hartley, A. I. et al. The first quiescent galaxies in TNG300. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 522, 3138–3144 (2023).
Lovell, C. C. et al. First light and reionisation epoch simulations (FLARES) – VIII. The emergence of passive galaxies at z ≥ 5. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 525, 5520–5539 (2023).
Fan, X., Bañados, E. & Simcoe, R. A. Quasars and the intergalactic medium at cosmic dawn. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 61, 373–426 (2023).
Onoue, M. et al. A post-starburst pathway for the formation of massive galaxies and black holes at z > 6. Nat. Astron. 9, 1541–1552 (2025).
Costa, T., Rosdahl, J., Sijacki, D. & Haehnelt, M. G. Quenching star formation with quasar outflows launched by trapped IR radiation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 479, 2079–2111 (2018).
Lupi, A., Volonteri, M., Decarli, R., Bovino, S. & Silk, J. High-redshift quasars and their host galaxies – II. Multiphase gas and stellar kinematics. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 510, 5760–5779 (2022).
Bischetti, M. et al. Suppression of black-hole growth by strong outflows at redshifts 5.8–6.6. Nature 605, 244–247 (2022).
Shen, Y. et al. Gemini GNIRS near-infrared spectroscopy of 50 quasars at z ≳ 5.7. Astrophys. J. 873, 35 (2019).
Yang, J. et al. Probing early supermassive black hole growth and quasar evolution with near-infrared spectroscopy of 37 reionization-era quasars at 6.3 < z ≤ 7.64. Astrophys. J. 923, 262 (2021).
Capellupo, D. M., Hamann, F., Shields, J. C., Rodríguez Hidalgo, P. & Barlow, T. A. Variability in quasar broad absorption line outflows – I. Trends in the short-term versus long-term data. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 413, 908–920 (2011).
Zhu, Y. et al. A potential link between nuclear winds and cold gas outflows on kiloparsec scales in reionization-era quasars. Astrophys. J. 1000, 312 (2026).
Spilker, J. S. et al. Direct evidence for active galactic nuclei feedback from fast molecular outflows in reionization-era quasars. Astrophys. J. 982, 72 (2025).
Maiolino, R. et al. Evidence of strong quasar feedback in the early Universe. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 425, L66–L70 (2012).
Meyer, R. A. et al. Physical constraints on the extended interstellar medium of the z = 6.42 quasar J1148+5251: [C II]158 μm, [N II]205 μm, and [O I]146 μm observations. Astrophys. J. 927, 152 (2022).
Bischetti, M. et al. Widespread QSO-driven outflows in the early Universe. Astron. Astrophys. 630, A59 (2019).
Novak, M. et al. No evidence for [CII] halos or high-velocity outflows in z ≳ 6 quasar host galaxies. Astrophys. J. 904, 131 (2020).
Zakamska, N. L. et al. Discovery of extreme [O III] λ5007 Å outflows in high-redshift red quasars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 459, 3144–3160 (2016).
Liu, W. et al. Integral field spectroscopy of fast outflows in dwarf galaxies with AGNs. Astrophys. J. 905, 166 (2020).
Veilleux, S. et al. First results from the JWST early release science program Q3D: the warm ionized gas outflow in z ∼ 1.6 quasar XID 2028 and its impact on the host galaxy. Astrophys. J. 953, 56 (2023).
Marshall, M. A. et al. GA-NIFS: black hole and host galaxy properties of two z ≃ 6.8 quasars from the NIRSpec IFU. Astron. Astrophys. 678, A191 (2023).
Yang, J. et al. A SPectroscopic survey of biased halos In the Reionization Era (ASPIRE): a first Look at the rest-frame optical spectra of z > 6.5 quasars using JWST. Astrophys. J. Lett. 951, L5 (2023).
Loiacono, F. et al. A quasar-galaxy merger at z ∼ 6.2: black hole mass and quasar properties from the NIRSpec spectrum. Astron. Astrophys. 685, A121 (2024).
Decarli, R. et al. A quasar-galaxy merger at z ∼ 6.2: rapid host growth via the accretion of two massive satellite galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. 689, A219 (2024).
Liu, W. et al. Fast outflow in the host galaxy of the luminous z = 7.5 quasar J1007+2115. Astrophys. J. 976, 33 (2024).
Lyu, J. et al. Fading light, fierce winds: JWST snapshot of a sub-Eddington quasar at cosmic dawn. Astrophys. J. Lett. 981, L20 (2025).
Yue, M. et al. EIGER. V. Characterizing the host galaxies of luminous quasars at z ≳ 6. Astrophys. J. 966, 176 (2024).
Shen, Y. Rest-frame optical properties of luminous 1.5 < z < 3.5 quasars: the Hβ-[O II] region. Astrophys. J. 817, 55 (2016).
Wu, Q. & Shen, Y. A catalog of quasar properties from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 16. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 263, 42 (2022).
Cameron, E. On the estimation of confidence intervals for binomial population proportions in astronomy: the simplicity and superiority of the Bayesian approach. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 28, 128–139 (2011).
Mann, H. B. & Whitney, D. R. On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Ann. Math. Stat. 18, 50–60 (1947).
Perrotta, S. et al. ERQs are the BOSS of quasar samples: the highest velocity [O III] quasar outflows. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 488, 4126–4148 (2019).
Vayner, A. et al. First results from the JWST early release science program Q3D: powerful quasar-driven galactic scale outflow at z = 3. Astrophys. J. 960, 126 (2024).
Ross, N. P. et al. The SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: quasar target selection for data release nine. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 199, 3 (2012).
Hamann, F. et al. Extremely red quasars in BOSS. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 464, 3431–3463 (2017).
Kendall, M. G. A new measure of rank correlation. Biometrika 30, 81–93 (1938).
Costa, T. et al. AGN-driven outflows and the formation of Lyα nebulae around high-z quasars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 517, 1767–1790 (2022).
Farina, E. P. et al. The REQUIEM survey. I. A search for extended Lyα nebular emission around 31 z > 5.7 quasars. Astrophys. J. 887, 196 (2019).
Nguyen, N. H. et al. ALMA observations of quasar host galaxies at z ≃ 4.8. Astrophys. J. 895, 74 (2020).
Decarli, R. et al. An ALMA [C II] survey of 27 quasars at z > 5.94. Astrophys. J. 854, 97 (2018).
Wang, F. et al. A spatially resolved [C II] survey of 31 z ∼ 7 massive galaxies hosting luminous quasars. Astrophys. J. 968, 9 (2024).
Valentino, F. et al. An atlas of color-selected quiescent galaxies at z > 3 in public JWST fields. Astrophys. J. 947, 20 (2023).
Nanayakkara, T. et al. A population of faint, old, and massive quiescent galaxies at 3 < z < 4 revealed by JWST NIRSpec spectroscopy. Sci. Rep. 14, 3724 (2024).
Ji, Z. et al. JADES: rest-frame UV-to-NIR size evolution of massive quiescent galaxies from redshift z = 5 to z = 0.5. Astrophys. J. 998, 239 (2026).
King, A. & Pounds, K. Powerful outflows and feedback from active galactic nuclei. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 53, 115–154 (2015).
Harrison, C. M. et al. AGN outflows and feedback twenty years on. Nat. Astron. 2, 198–205 (2018).
Böker, T. et al. The Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope. III. Integral-field spectroscopy. Astron. Astrophys. 661, A82 (2022).
Jakobsen, P. et al. The Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope. I. Overview of the instrument and its capabilities. Astron. Astrophys. 661, A80 (2022).
Wang, F. et al. A survey of luminous high-redshift quasars with SDSS and WISE. I. Target selection and optical spectroscopy. Astrophys. J. 819, 24 (2016).
Yang, J. et al. A survey of luminous high-redshift quasars with SDSS and WISE. II. the bright end of the quasar luminosity function at z ∼ 5. Astrophys. J. 829, 33 (2016).
Rauscher, B. J. NSClean: an algorithm for removing correlated noise from JWST NIRSpec images. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 136, 015001 (2024).
Vayner, A. et al. First results from the JWST early release science program Q3D: ionization cone, clumpy star formation, and shocks in a z = 3 extremely red quasar host. Astrophys. J. 955, 92 (2023).
Law, D. R. et al. A 3D drizzle algorithm for JWST and practical application to the MIRI medium resolution spectrometer. Astron. J. 166, 45 (2023).
Richards, G. T. et al. Spectroscopic target selection in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: the quasar sample. Astron. J. 123, 2945–2975 (2002).
Lyke, B. W. et al. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasar catalog: sixteenth data release. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 250, 8 (2020).
Chambers, K. C. et al. The Pan-STARRS1 surveys. Preprint at arxiv.org/abs/1612.05560 (2016).
Shen, Y. The mass of quasars. Bull. Astron. Soc. India 41, 61–115 (2013).
Risaliti, G., Salvati, M. & Marconi, A. [O III] equivalent width and orientation effects in quasars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 411, 2223–2229 (2011).
Bisogni, S., Marconi, A. & Risaliti, G. Orientation effects on spectral emission features of quasars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 464, 385–397 (2017).
Vietri, G. et al. The WISSH quasars project. IV. Broad line region versus kiloparsec-scale winds. Astron. Astrophys. 617, A81 (2018).
Guo, H., Shen, Y. & Wang, S. PyQSOFit: Python code to fit the spectrum of quasars. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ascl.soft09008G (Astrophysics Source Code Library, 2018).
Boroson, T. A. & Green, R. F. The emission-line properties of low-redshift quasi-stellar objects. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 80, 109 (1992).
Vestergaard, M. & Wilkes, B. J. An empirical ultraviolet template for iron emission in quasars as derived from I Zwicky 1. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 134, 1–33 (2001).
Véron-Cetty, M.-P., Joly, M. & Véron, P. The unusual emission line spectrum of I Zw 1. Astron. Astrophys. 417, 515–525 (2004).
Kovačević, J., Popović, L. Č & Dimitrijević, M. S. Analysis of optical Fe II emission in a sample of active galactic nucleus spectra. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 189, 15–36 (2010).
Osterbrock, D. E. & Ferland, G. J. Astrophysics of Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei (Univ. Science Books, 2006).
Richards, G. T. et al. Spectral energy distributions and multiwavelength selection of type 1 quasars. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 166, 470–497 (2006).
Vestergaard, M. & Peterson, B. M. Determining central black hole masses in distant active galaxies and quasars. II. Improved optical and UV scaling relationships. Astrophys. J. 641, 689–709 (2006).
Liu, W. et al. A JWST/NIRSpec integral field unit survey of luminous quasars at z ~ 5-6 (Q-IFU): rest-frame optical nuclear properties and extended nebulae. Preprint at arxiv.org/abs/2511.06085 (2025).
Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S. & White, S. D. M. The structure of cold dark matter halos. Astrophys. J. 462, 563 (1996).
Dutton, A. A. & Macciò, A. V. Cold dark matter haloes in the Planck era: evolution of structural parameters for Einasto and NFW profiles. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 441, 3359–3374 (2014).
Bovy, J. galpy: a python Library for galactic dynamics. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 216, 29 (2015).
Costa, T. The host dark matter haloes of the first quasars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 531, 930–944 (2024).
Wang, F. et al. A SPectroscopic survey of biased halos In the Reionization Era (ASPIRE): JWST reveals a filamentary structure around a z = 6.61 quasar. Astrophys. J. Lett. 951, L4 (2023).
Eilers, A.-C. et al. EIGER. VI. The correlation function, host halo mass, and duty cycle of luminous quasars at z ≳6. Astrophys. J. 974, 275 (2024).
Wechsler, R. H. & Tinker, J. L. The connection between galaxies and their dark matter halos. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 56, 435–487 (2018).
Kormendy, J. & Ho, L. C. Coevolution (or not) of supermassive black holes and host galaxies. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51, 511–653 (2013).
Zakamska, N. L. & Greene, J. E. Quasar feedback and the origin of radio emission in radio-quiet quasars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 442, 784–804 (2014).
Liu, W. et al. First results from the JWST early release science program Q3D: the fast outflow in a red quasar at z = 0.44. Astrophys. J. 980, 31 (2025).
Rupke, D. S. N. & Veilleux, S. The multiphase structure and power sources of galactic winds in major mergers. Astrophys. J. 768, 75 (2013).
Marshall, M. A. et al. JWST’s PEARLS: a z = 6 quasar in a train-wreck galaxy merger system. Astron. Astrophys. 702, A174 (2025).
Vayner, A. et al. Powerful nuclear outflows and circumgalactic medium shocks driven by the most luminous quasar in the Universe. Astrophys. J. 989, 230 (2025).
Bischetti, M. et al. The WISSH quasars project. I. Powerful ionised outflows in hyper-luminous quasars. Astron. Astrophys. 598, A122 (2017).
Mingozzi, M. et al. The MAGNUM survey: different gas properties in the outflowing and disc components in nearby active galaxies with MUSE. Astron. Astrophys. 622, A146 (2019).
Liu, G., Zakamska, N. L., Greene, J. E., Nesvadba, N. P. H. & Liu, X. Observations of feedback from radio-quiet quasars – II. Kinematics of ionized gas nebulae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 436, 2576–2597 (2013).
Harrison, C. M., Alexander, D. M., Mullaney, J. R. & Swinbank, A. M. Kiloparsec-scale outflows are prevalent among luminous AGN: outflows and feedback in the context of the overall AGN population. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 441, 3306–3347 (2014).
Nakajima, K. et al. JWST census for the mass-metallicity star formation relations at z = 4-10 with self-consistent flux calibration and proper metallicity calibrators. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 269, 33 (2023).
