Astronomers have collected evidence of a violent collision between two planets in a distant star system. The first clues of this cataclysmic event came when a rather boring star began behaving very oddly. The collision seems to resemble the event in our history in which a planetary body slammed into Earth and created the moon.
The star in question is Gaia20ehk, an ordinarily stable main-sequence star like the sun located around 11,000 light-years away with a steady and predictable light output. Until 2016, that is, when something very strange started to happen.”
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Tzanidakis and colleagues discovered that the flickering of Gaia20ehk wasn’t intrinsic to the star itself, but was the result of copious amounts of rock and dust passing in front of it as it orbited the star.
The source of this debris? The collision of two planets that orbited Gaia20ehk.
“It’s incredible that various telescopes caught this impact in real time,” Tzanidakis explained. “There are only a few other planetary collisions of any kind on record, and none that bear so many similarities to the impact that created the Earth and moon. If we can observe more moments like this elsewhere in the galaxy, it will teach us lots about the formation of our world.”
The right type of planetary smash-up
Planets form from collisions and mergers between increasingly large chunks of material called planetesimals around young stars. During the chaos that represents the infancy of planetary systems, such impacts are common. However, over the course of 100s of millions of years, these turbulent conditions settle, resulting in a stable solar system like ours.
Though planetary collisions are probably quite common, seeing them in distant planetary systems is no mean feat, requiring a lot of patience and a huge amount of good fortune. The colliding planets also have to orbit their star directly between it and our view for debris from a collision to cause dimming events, which can take many years to unfold.
“Andy’s unique work leverages decades of data to find things that are happening slowly — astronomy stories that play out over the course of a decade,” team member James Davenport, a University of Washington scientist, said. “Not many researchers are looking for phenomena in this way, which means that all kinds of discoveries are potentially up for grabs.”
As such, spotting such an event is extraordinary to say the least. In fact, seeing such events is so rare that when Tzanidakis and team first saw the fluctuation in brightness of Gaia20ehk, they couldn’t account for the short dimming periods, followed by chaotic fluctuations. It was something never seen before.
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The location of Gaia20ehk, host to the wreckage of two colliding planets. (Image credit: NASA/NSF NOIRLab)
The researchers could only clear up this mystery when they investigated Gaia20ehk with different telescopes using infrared light.
“The infrared light curve was the complete opposite of the visible light,” Tzanidakis said. “As the visible light began to flicker and dim, the infrared light spiked. Which could mean that the material blocking the star is hot — so hot that it’s glowing in the infrared.” Two planets slamming together could generate this heat, and the right type of collision could create enough material to cause dips in brightness.
“That could be caused by the two planets spiraling closer and closer to each other,” Tzanidakis explained. “At first, they had a series of grazing impacts, which wouldn’t produce a lot of infrared energy. Then, they had their big catastrophic collision, and the infrared really ramped up.”
There are some clues that this collision resembles the impact our planet experienced around 4.5 billion years ago that created the debris that would coalesce and form the moon. In fact, this obscuring dust cloud orbits the star Gaia20ehk at a distance of around 93 million miles, which is around the distance between the Earth-moon system and the sun. Thus, there is a possibility that when this matter around Gaia20ehk cools, it could form an exomoon and a planet-moon system similar to ours.
But this could take a few million years to occur. While astronomers may not get the opportunity to study this process to its conclusion, the hunt is on for other similar collisions. This could help to reveal just how common the events that created the moon are. And because Earth’s primary natural satellite is considered to have been integral to the development of life on Earth, discovering the frequency of such events may shine a light on the possibility of life elsewhere in the Milky Way.
“How rare is the event that created the Earth and the moon? That question is fundamental to astrobiology,” Davenport said. “It seems like the moon is one of the magical ingredients that make the Earth a good place for life. It can help shield Earth from some asteroids, it produces ocean tides and weather that allow chemistry and biology to mix globally, and it may even play a role in driving tectonic plate activity.
“Right now, we don’t know how common these dynamics are. But if we catch more of these collisions, we’ll start to figure it out.”
The team’s research was published on Wednesday (March 11) in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.